Abstract: Black rice anthocyanins, recognized as a significant natural pigment and functional component, exhibit diverse biological activities and confer substantial health benefits to humans. Investigating their biological activity and enhancing extraction efficiency hold considerable importance for the advancement of the food industry. This paper outlines the composition, structure, and properties of black rice anthocyanins and systematically analyzes various extraction techniques. Furthermore, it explores their biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-cardiovascular properties, while addressing the problems associated with their extraction and utilization. Additionally, the paper forecasts future research directions and application prospects, aiming to facilitate the extraction process optimization, development, and practical application of black rice anthocyanins.